[383][381], Major airports in Tennessee include Nashville International Airport (BNA), Memphis International Airport (MEM), McGhee Tyson Airport (TYS) outside of Knoxville, Chattanooga Metropolitan Airport (CHA), Tri-Cities Regional Airport (TRI) in Blountville, and McKellar-Sipes Regional Airport (MKL) in Jackson. State park rangers are responsible for all activities and law enforcement inside the Tennessee State Parks system. [459] In Knoxville, the Tennessee Volunteers college teams play in the Southeastern Conference (SEC) of the National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA). The driest months, on average, are August to October. Find out more Covering an area of 109,247 sq. [405][406] Lethal injection is the primary means of execution, but electrocution is also allowed. [315][316] The Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA) owns over 90% of the state's generating capacity. The state is about 440 miles (710km) long from east to west and 112 miles (180km) wide from north to south. [223] Tennessee is the most biodiverse inland state,[224] the Great Smoky Mountains National Park is the most biodiverse national park,[225][226] and the Duck River is the most biologically diverse waterway in North America. Webchoose the site nearest you: chattanooga; clarksville; cookeville; jackson; knoxville; memphis; nashville; tri-cities [58] In 1779, James Robertson and John Donelson led two groups of settlers from the Washington District to the French Lick. [88] East Tennessee's geography did not allow for large plantations as in the middle and western parts of the state, and as a result, slavery became increasingly rare in the region. [211] The plain begins in the east with low rolling hills and wide stream valleys, known as the West Tennessee Highlands, and gradually levels out to the west. [37][38] That same year, a French expedition led by missionary Jacques Marquette and Louis Jolliet explored the Mississippi River and became the first Europeans to map the Mississippi Valley. 1 thing for teams, and Mississippi State had plenty. [351], Tennessee has played a critical role in the development of many forms of American popular music, including blues, country, rock and roll, rockabilly, soul, bluegrass, Contemporary Christian, and gospel. [188], Geological formations in Tennessee largely correspond with the state's topographic features, and, in general, decrease in age from east to west. Of the foreign-born population, approximately 42.7% were naturalized citizens and 57.3% non-citizens. The current governor is Bill Lee, a Republican. [145], When the Great Depression struck in 1929, much of Tennessee was severely impoverished even by national standards. [396] Senators serve four-year terms and House members serve two-year terms. [343] Many reservoirs created by TVA dams have also generated water-based tourist attractions. [357] The state Board of Education has 11 members: one from each Congressional district, a student member, and the executive director of the Tennessee Higher Education Commission (THEC), who serves as ex-officio nonvoting member. [85] In 1838 and 1839, U.S. troops forcibly removed thousands of Cherokees and their black slaves from their homes in southeastern Tennessee and forced them to march to Indian Territory in modern-day Oklahoma. An agreement to sell land for the Transylvania Colony, which included the territory in Tennessee north of the Cumberland River, was also signed. [381] Known as "Tennessee's Main Street", I-40 serves the major cities of Memphis, Nashville, and Knoxville, and throughout its entire length in Tennessee, one can observe the diversity of the state's geography and landforms. [280] Unionization has historically been low and continues to decline, as in most of the U.S.[281], Tennessee has a reputation as a low-tax state and is usually ranked as one of the five states with the lowest tax burden on residents. [171] In 2006, the state constitution was amended to outlaw same-sex marriage. [353][354] Nashville became known as "Music City", and the Grand Ole Opry remains the nation's longest-running radio show. [210] West of this is the Gulf Coastal Plain, a broad feature that begins at the Gulf of Mexico and extends northward into southern Illinois. An estimated 2124% of Tennesseans are of predominantly English ancestry. [372], Six television media marketsNashville, Memphis, Knoxville, Chattanooga, Tri-Cities, and Jacksonare based in Tennessee. [305] Nissan and Mitsubishi Motors have their North American corporate headquarters in Franklin. [376] Tennessee is currently one of five states with no transportation-related debts. Most cities and towns use the weak mayor-council (mayor-aldermen), strong-mayor council, city commission, or councilmanager forms of government. [458], The state is home to 12 NCAA Division I programs. [119], The years after the Civil War were characterized by tension and unrest between blacks and former Confederates, the worst of which occurred in Memphis in 1866. [216] The Cumberland River flows through the north-central part of the state, emerging in the northeastern Highland Rim, passing through Nashville, turning northwest to Clarksville, and entering Kentucky east of the Tennessee River. TDEC enforces state environmental laws and regulations. [127] But most of Tennessee's industrial growth began with the federal investments in the Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA) and the Manhattan Project in the 1930s and 1940s. This town appeared on British maps as early as 1725. The first was adopted in 1796, the year Tennessee was admitted to the union, and the second in 1834. ", "Department of Energy FY 2020 Congressional Budget Request", "Booming tech industry in Middle Tennessee", "Map of Deregulated Energy Markets (Updated 2018) Electric Choice", "Tennessee - State Energy Profile Overview - U.S. Energy Information Administration (EIA)", Electric Power Monthly with Data for December 2021, "It's the first new U.S. nuclear reactor in decades. It is located in the upper South of the eastern United States and became the 16th state of the union in 1796. [160][161] The construction of Interstate 40 through Memphis became a national talking point on the issue of eminent domain and grassroots lobbying when the Tennessee Department of Transportation (TDOT) attempted to construct the highway through the city's Overton Park. [382][200] I-40's branch interstates include I-240 in Memphis; I-440 in Nashville; I-840 around Nashville; I-140 from Knoxville to Maryville; and I-640 in Knoxville. [142] Scopes was prosecuted by former Secretary of State and presidential candidate William Jennings Bryan and defended by attorney Clarence Darrow. [400] The Supreme Court of Tennessee appoints the state's Attorney General, a practice only found in Tennessee. Tennessee has the third-highest number of amphibian species, with the Great Smoky Mountains home to the most salamander species in the world. [165] Also known as the Knoxville International Energy Exposition, the fair's theme was "Energy Turns the World". Additional important products manufactured in Tennessee include fabricated metal products, electrical equipment, consumer electronics and electrical appliances, and nonelectrical machinery. [323][324] The Copper Basin, in Tennessee's southeastern corner in Polk County, was one of the nation's most productive copper mining districts between the 1840s and 1980s, and supplied about 90% of the copper the Confederacy used during the Civil War. The Chattanooga Mocs and Johnson City's East Tennessee State Buccaneers are full members, including football, of the Southern Conference. [66] The act allowed the territory to petition for statehood once the population reached 60,000. [323] Coal production in Tennessee peaked in 1972, and today less than 0.1% of coal in the U.S. comes from Tennessee. Because Memphis International Airport is the hub of FedEx Corporation, it is the world's busiest cargo airport. [287] Local sales taxes are collected in most jurisdictions at rates varying from 1.5% to 2.75%, bringing the total sales tax between 8.5% and 9.75%. [323] There are sizable reserves of lignite coal in West Tennessee that remain untapped. [333][334][335] Its top tourist attraction is the Great Smoky Mountains National Park, the most visited national park in the U.S., with more than 14 million visitors annually. [257][258] In 2019, about 5.5% of Tennessee's population was foreign-born. [368] Vanderbilt University in Nashville is consistently ranked as one of the nation's leading research institutions. The University of Tennessee system operates four primary campuses in Knoxville, Chattanooga, Martin, and Pulaski; a Health Sciences Center in Memphis; and an aerospace research facility in Tullahoma. To pay off debts and alleviate overcrowded prisons, the state turned to convict leasing, providing prisoners to mining companies as strikebreakers, which was protested by miners forced to compete with the system. [361] According to the most recent data, Tennessee spends $9,544 per student, the 8th lowest in the nation. [256] In recent years, Tennessee has been a top source of domestic migration, receiving an influx of people relocating from places such as California, the Northeast, and the Midwest due to the low cost of living and booming employment opportunities. [251] Knoxville, with about 190,000 inhabitants, and Chattanooga, with about 180,000 residents, are the third- and fourth-largest cities, respectively. [194] The New Madrid Seismic Zone in the northwestern part of the state produced a series of devastating earthquakes between December 1811 and February 1812 that formed Reelfoot Lake near Tiptonville. The same year, 22.4% of the power was produced from coal, 17.8% from natural gas, 15.8% from hydroelectricity, and 1.3% from other renewables. [407][408], Tennessee is divided into 95 counties, with 92 county governments that use a county commission legislative body and a separately elected county executive. [199], The Cumberland Plateau rises to the west of the Tennessee Valley, with an average elevation of 2,000 feet (610m). [121] In 1870, Southern Democrats regained control of the state legislature,[122] and over the next two decades, passed Jim Crow laws to enforce racial segregation. [395], The bicameral legislative branch, the Tennessee General Assembly, consists of the 33-member Senate and the 99-member House of Representatives. [13] A slave state until the American Civil War, Tennessee was politically divided, with its western and middle parts supporting the Confederacy and the eastern region harboring pro-Union sentiment. km, the State of Tennessee is located in the South-Eastern region of the United States. [132] In 1897, Tennessee celebrated its statehood centennial one year late with the Tennessee Centennial and International Exposition in Nashville. [72][73] Elections for a constitutional convention were held in December 1795, and the delegates convened in Knoxville on January 17, 1796, to begin drafting a state constitution. [440] Voters, however, continued to elect moderate Republicans, such as centrists Bill Haslam and Lamar Alexander, until the late 2010s with the rise of Trumpism in the GOP at a nationwide scale. The highest recorded temperature was 113F (45C) at Perryville on August 9, 1930, while the lowest recorded temperature was 32F (36C) at Mountain City on December 30, 1917. This event is known as the Trail of Tears, and an estimated 4,000 died along the way. ", "Yet again, Tennessee combined state, local sales tax rates nation's highest", "McMinnville, Tennessee: Nursery Capital of the World", Economic Impacts of Forestry and Forest Product Industries in Tennessee, "Who makes the most cars in North America? [249] Clarksville is a significant population center, with about 170,000 residents. [11] Its name derives from "Tanasi", a Cherokee town in the eastern part of the state that existed before the first European American settlement. [151][152] The Clinton Engineer Works was established as the production arm of the Manhattan Project in Oak Ridge, which enriched uranium at three major facilities for use in atomic bombs. WebTennessee's third-largest city perfectly blends outdoor recreation with urban amenities. [82][83] In 1818, Jackson and Kentucky governor Isaac Shelby reached an agreement with the Chickasaw to sell the land between the Mississippi and Tennessee Rivers to the United States, which included all of West Tennessee and became known as the "Jackson Purchase". [12] Tennessee was initially part of North Carolina, and later the Southwest Territory, before its admission to the Union as the 16th state on June 1, 1796. [279] In 2020, the state's per capita personal income was $30,869. The Nashville market is the third-largest in the Upland South and the ninth-largest in the southeastern United States, according to Nielsen Media Research. [399], Tennessee's highest court is the state Supreme Court. Tennessee has a total of 976 miles (1,571km) of navigable waterways, the 11th highest in the nation. For passenger rail service, Memphis and Newbern are served by the Amtrak City of New Orleans line on its run between Chicago and New Orleans. Tennessee Gov. [291][290] Soybeans and corn are the state's first and second-most common crops, respectively,[16] and are most heavily grown in West and Middle Tennessee, especially the northwestern corner of the state. WebPaleo-Indians are believed to have hunted and camped in what is now Tennessee as early as 12,000 years ago. The Tennessee River begins at the juncture of the Holston and French Broad rivers in Knoxville, flows southwest to Chattanooga, and exits into Alabama before reemerging in the western part of the state and flowing north into Kentucky. WebPaleo-Indians are believed to have hunted and camped in what is now Tennessee as early as 12,000 years ago. WebTennessee State Government - TN.gov The Tennessee Conservationist Holiday Offer Request Your Free 2022 TN Vacation Guide Find a COVID-19 Vaccine Appointment Hub for Learning and Teaching Fiscal Year 2022-23 Budget The Tennessee Conservationist Holiday Offer Save on Conservationist Magazine Subscriptions! [336], The National Park Service preserves four Civil War battlefields in Tennessee: Chickamauga and Chattanooga National Military Park, Stones River National Battlefield, Shiloh National Military Park, and Fort Donelson National Battlefield. [227] The Nashville Basin is renowned for its diversity of flora and fauna. [451] The Tennessee Smokies, which have played continuously since 1972,[452] and Chattanooga Lookouts, which have played continuously since 1976,[453] are members of the Double-A classification Southern League. All of these except the Times Free Press are owned by Gannett. [34][35][36] In 1673, English fur trader Abraham Wood sent an expedition from the Colony of Virginia into Overhill Cherokee territory in modern-day northeastern Tennessee. Chattanooga became one of the first industrial cities in the south in the decades after the Civil War, when many factories, including iron foundries, steel mills, and textile mills were constructed there. WebThe state of Tennessee is a place in the southeastern United States. [437][438] In 2007, Ron Ramsey became the first Republican Speaker of the State Senate since Reconstruction,[439] and the following year the Republicans gained control of both houses of the state legislature for the first time since Reconstruction. I-155 is a branch route of I-55 that serves the northwestern part of the state. [91][92], At the onset of the American Civil War, most Middle and West Tennesseans favored efforts to preserve their slavery-based economies, but many Middle Tennesseans were initially skeptical of secession. After the war, the Oak Ridge National Laboratory became a key center of scientific research. [347] The Tennessee State Museum in Nashville chronicles the state's history and culture. WebIn Tennessee, there are 4 comfortable months with high temperatures in the range of 70-85. [4] In 2019, the state reported a total employment of 2,724,545 and a total number of 139,760 employer establishments. Most of the Blue Ridge area is protected by the Cherokee National Forest, the Great Smoky Mountains National Park, and several federal wilderness areas and state parks. [398] The Speaker of the Senate also serves as the lieutenant governor, a practice found only in one other state, and the House Speaker is third in line for the governorship. [64] Efforts to obtain admission to the Union failed, and the counties, now numbering eight, rejoined North Carolina by 1788. [310][311], Since the 1990s, the geographical area between Oak Ridge and Knoxville has been known as the Tennessee Technology Corridor, with more than 500 high-tech firms in the region. [102] On July 24, 1866, Tennessee became the first Confederate state to have its elected members readmitted to Congress. In 1788, North Carolina created "Tennessee County", and in 1796, a constitutional convention, organizing the new state out of the Southwest Territory, adopted "Tennessee" as the state's name. A local activist group spent many years contesting the project, and in 1971, the U.S. Supreme Court sided with the group and established the framework for judicial review of government agencies in the landmark case of Citizens to Preserve Overton Park v. The assessment ratio is 40% of the value times the jurisdiction's tax rate. [178] Tennessee is trisected by the Tennessee River, and its geographical center is in Murfreesboro. [273] Several Protestant denominations have their headquarters in Tennessee, including the Southern Baptist Convention and National Baptist Convention (in Nashville); the Church of God in Christ and the Cumberland Presbyterian Church (in Memphis);[274] and the Church of God and the Church of God of Prophecy (in Cleveland);[275][276] and the National Association of Free Will Baptists (in Antioch). Several suburban areas of Nashville and Memphis also contain significant Democratic minorities. [16] Tennessee ranks 12th in the nation for the number of cattle, with more than half of its farmland dedicated to cattle grazing. [290][295] The Nashville Basin is a top equestrian region, due to soils that produce grass favored by horses. In the 1950s, Tennessee twice voted for Republican Dwight D. Eisenhower, former Allied Commander of the Armed Forces during World War II. Senator from Tennessee, failed to carry his home state, an unusual occurrence but indicative of strengthening Republican support. [170], In 2002, Tennessee amended its constitution to establish a lottery. choose the site nearest you: chattanooga; clarksville; cookeville; jackson; knoxville; memphis; nashville; tri-cities WebThe University of Tennessee is comprised of the statewide Institute of Agriculture and Institute for Public Service Institute of Agriculture The UT Institute of Agriculture delivers real life solutions through $54.5 million in research, educational outreach to 3.3 million people and veterinary services to more than 21,000 animals annually. Wells, Nikki Giovanni, Shelby Foote, Ann Patchett, Ishmael Reed, and Randall Jarrell. The husband of the Tennessee police officer fired for having sex with six of her coworkers is standing by his wife, the Daily Mail reported Friday. [202] The Cumberland Trail traverses the eastern escarpment of the Cumberland Plateau and Cumberland Mountains. [435][436] In 2004, Republican President George W. Bush increased his margin of victory in the state to 14% from 4% in 2000. Rapid civilizational development occurred during the Mississippian period, when Indigenous peoples developed organized chiefdoms and constructed numerous ceremonial structures throughout the state. Don't be embarrassed, few get it right", "Tennessee's huge auto industry: 7 things you may not know", "Ford aims to create 5,700 jobs with new factory, battery plant near Memphis", "Nissan to Move U.S. Headquarters to Tennessee", "Mitsubishi North America to move headquarters to Nashville area", "Tennessee home to 9 of world's largest companies", "What are Tennessee's biggest businesses? [268] Most Tennesseans who self-identify as having American ancestry are of English and Scotch-Irish ancestry. [299], Until World War II, Tennessee, like most Southern states, remained predominantly agrarian. [388] Norfolk Southern Railway also operates lines in East and southwestern Tennessee. About 81% of the population identifies as Christian, with Protestants making up 73% of the population. [183] An 1818 survey erroneously placed Tennessee's southern border 1 mile (1.6km) south of the 35th parallel; Georgia legislators continue to dispute this placement, as it prevents Georgia from accessing the Tennessee River. The most pleasant months of the year for Tennessee are May, September and October. [393] The capital was relocated to Nashville in 1812, where it remained until it was relocated back to Knoxville in 1817. [325][326][327] Mining activities in the basin resulted in a major environmental disaster, which left the surrounding landscape barren for more than a century. Secretary Hargett is the chief executive officer of the Department of State with oversight of more than 300 employees. [100] In the fall of 1861, Unionist guerrillas in East Tennessee burned bridges and attacked Confederate sympathizers, leading the Confederacy to invoke martial law in parts of the region. Memphis 901 FC has played in the second-tier USL Championship since 2019. The University of Tennessee is comprised of the statewide Institute of Agriculture and Institute for Public Service Institute of Agriculture The UT Institute of Agriculture delivers real life solutions through $54.5 million in research, educational outreach to 3.3 million people and veterinary services to more than 21,000 animals annually. Four of these are Minor League Baseball clubs. The state's well-known contributions to Southern cuisine include Memphis-style barbecue, Nashville hot chicken, and Tennessee whiskey. [208] This results in karst that forms numerous caves, sinkholes, depressions, and underground streams. A few days after the fall of Chattanooga, Confederates led by James Longstreet unsuccessfully campaigned to take control of Knoxville by attacking Union General Ambrose Burnside's Fort Sanders. [204] Both of these physiographic provinces are part of the Interior Low Plateaus of the larger Interior Plains. [89] Entrepreneurs such as Montgomery Bell used slaves in the production of iron in the Western Highland Rim, and slaves also cultivated such crops as tobacco and corn throughout the Highland Rim. It earned the nickname "The Volunteer State" early in its history due to a strong tradition of military service. Tennessee's major professional sports franchises. Discover the best road trip destinations, new places to eat and more in your free printed guide or e-guide. [140] On August 18, 1920, Tennessee became the 36th and final state necessary to ratify the Nineteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution, which gave women the right to vote. [229] Appalachian oakpine and cove hardwood forests are found in the Blue Ridge Mountains and Cumberland Plateau, and bottomland hardwood forests are common throughout the Gulf Coastal Plain. [290] Cash receipts for crops and livestock have an estimated annual value of $3.5 billion, and the agriculture sector has an estimated annual impact of $81 billion on the state's economy. [47] But migration across the mountains continued, and the first permanent European settlers began arriving in northeastern Tennessee in the late 1760s. In the southeast U.S. region that includes Tennessee, the Kraken strain is the second-most prevalent strain, making up about 31% of all cases, CDC data show. The most pleasant months of the year for Tennessee are May, September and October. [48][49] Most of them were English, but nearly 20% were Scotch-Irish. [385] Nashville is served by the Music City Star commuter rail service. [429] For most of the second half of the 20th century, Tennessee was a swing state in presidential elections. [200] This landform is part of the larger Appalachian Plateau and consists mostly of flat-topped tablelands. [266] In 2020, Non-Hispanic or Latino Whites were 70.9% of the population, compared to 57.7% of the population nationwide. [220] All three of these basins are tributaries of the Ohio River watershed. [148][149] The agency quickly grew into the country's largest electric utility and initiated a period of dramatic economic growth and transformation that brought many new industries and employment opportunities to the state. [32] Overhill settlements grew along the rivers in East Tennessee in the early 18th century. [271], Tennessee is included in most definitions of the Bible Belt, and is ranked as one of the nation's most religious states. Motivation is the No. [309] Tennessee also ranks as one of the largest producers of chemicals. The current delegation consists of eight Republicans and one Democrat. [79] These soldiers, under Andrew Jackson's command, played a major role in the American victory at the Battle of New Orleans in 1815, the last major battle of the war. [70] The 13-member territorial House of Representatives first convened in Knoxville on February 24, 1794, to select ten members for the legislature's upper house, the council. Get It Now Start Planning Tap Add to Trip on anything you like. Tennessee Governor Bill Lee's second term inauguration is set for Jan. 21, 2023. [103] Grant then proceeded south to Pittsburg Landing and held off a Confederate counterattack at Shiloh in April in what was at the time the bloodiest battle of the war. 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