In 2020, White defendants spent the lowest mean number of days (156) at court, while defendants from Chinese or Other ethnic groups had the highest (199). Where there are differences between groups that are statistically significant this will be stated. , A suspect in a homicide case is defined as either: a person who has been arrested in respect of an offence initially classified as homicide and charged with homicide, including those who were subsequently convicted or a person who is suspected by the police of having committed the offence but is known to have died or committed suicide prior to arrest or being charged. Therefore, trends within these broad ethnic groups will be less comparable over a 5-year time series. , Ethnicity is self-identified, and coverage has decreased from 93% in 2016/17 to 86% in 2020/21. Among minority ethnic groups, Black individuals were often the most over-represented. Being suspended can involve a part of the school day and it does not have to be for a continuous period. In this section, all analysis looks at those in the matched offender cohort who were eligible for Free School Meals (FSM) and/or had Special Education Needs (SEN), at any point during KS4. Black and Mixed ethnicity prisoners were disproportionately represented across all younger age groups, making up 21% and 8% respectively of all prisoners aged under 25. These proportions have remained relatively stable when compared to 2018. Dont include personal or financial information like your National Insurance number or credit card details. On the basis of self-report studies, Graham and Bowling (1995) concluded that people from certain ethnic backgrounds like Black (43%) and White (44%) had similar crime rates, whereas others like Asians had comparatively lower crime rates - Indians (30%), Pakistanis (28%), and Bangladeshis (13%). . This trend has fluctuated across recent years, with the Mixed ethnic group having the highest ACSL in 2019 (at 71.4 months), and the Chinese or Other group having the lowest (at 46.7 months). It investigates the differences between ethnic groups[footnote 81] for these offences, and whether this picture has changed over time. The Asian ethnic group (2%) were significantly less likely than the White ethnic group (4%) to be victims of a personal crime, whilst the Mixed ethnic group (7%) were significantly more likely. Overall, 81% of defendants who were remanded in custody at Crown Court for drug offences went on to receive an immediate custodial sentence. Much of this information has previously been published in the Offender Management statistics quarterly publication, where statistics on adjudications, Home Detention Curfew, Release on Temporary Licence and Licence Recalls can also be found. The proportion of White children remanded at Crown Court has been increasing over the last 5 years from 26% in 2016 to 45% in 2020, converging with the proportion of children remanded in custody from minority ethnic groups. In relation to crime and deviance, sociologists are interested in the apparently significant differential incidence of criminality and victimhood among the various ethnicities. In contrast, 85% of prisoners aged 50 or over were White. 477 485-8 515-38. The HMPPS Offender Equalities report 2020/21 also includes information on: Mother and Baby units, Sexual Orientation in the Prison Population, Transgender Prisoners, Accredited Programmes, Incentives and Earned Privileges and Electronic Monitoring. This method accounted for 69% of homicides with Black victims, but only 35% of those with White victims. In comparison to all other ethnic groups, higher proportions of White prisoners reported more positive experiences, including feeling respected by staff, feeling safe from COVID and having enough cleaning facilities. The number of prosecutions for drug offences has decreased by 15% in the past 5 years. 327.21%. Search. Stop and search is an important detection tool for the police it allows officers to search individuals without an arrest taking place[footnote 27]. In the 2020/21 HM Inspectorate of Prisons survey, prisoners from ethnic minority groups reported more negative results across the survey. This trend has remained relatively stable over the past 5 years, with the Black ethnic group consistently having the highest proportion of defendants electing themselves to be heard at Crown Court. This was largely because people from these ethnic groups made up a disproportionate share of people arrested, and this carried through to the . Fast Forward to the 21st century, and the criminological debate about race and crime now centred on the involvement of Black young people in street gangs. The largest difference was observed in the Black ethnic group, which saw a 3 percentage point difference between custody rate and controlled custody rate, at 33% and 36% respectively. Individuals with an unknown or not stated ethnicity are not included in the analysis, because it is impossible to tell where they should be counted. Over the last 5 years, there has been a decrease in the proportion of stop and searches conducted on Black individuals in London, from 36% in 2016/17 to 32% in 2020/21. , Data is self-declared from HR records, as at 31 December 2020. As this data is now several years old it may not accurately represent the distribution of ethnic groups in the population, particularly for children when comparing to 2018 CJS figures. For example, the proportion of Black and Asian young offenders sentenced to 12 months custody or less, achieving any pass at GCSE, was 64% and 71% respectively, significantly higher than the proportion of White young offenders, at 53%. , Ethnicity was recorded for 96.5% of offenders supervised on post-release licence in 2020. This was followed by Black (3.5), Asian (3.3) and Other ethnic groups (3.2). In the rest of England and Wales, stop and search arrests accounted for 8% of total arrests, increasing from 4% in 2016/17. , 52,617 prisoners were released from determinate sentences in 2020, of whom 99.14% were of known ethnicity. Within ethnic groups, Black defendants had the largest proportion of prosecutions for this offence in each of the past 5 years. The ethnic group question from the 2001 Census. In this section, where there are statistically significant differences between groups to the 95% level, this will be stated. Caution should be taken when considering the ethnic breakdown of senior staff because the number of individuals represented is small and changing a single case could have a noticeable effect. This chapter explores outcomes for defendants[footnote 38] in the Criminal Justice System (CJS) predominantly drawing on indictable offence data from the Criminal Justice Statistics quarterly: December 2020 publication. In 2020, 52% of Black defendants were remanded in custody, compared to 36% of White defendants. The Asian ethnic group (2%) were significantly less likely than the White ethnic group (4%) to be victims of a personal crime, whilst the Mixed ethnic group (7%) were significantly more likely. Data Access and Compliance Unit. Asian prisoners, on average, served the smallest proportion of their original sentence, serving 58% of their determinate sentence in custody in 2020; a trend that has remained stable since 2016. In 2020/21, 21% of all stop and searches (where ethnicity is known) resulted in an outcome that was linked to the reason for the search, i.e. This analysis compares the police identified ethnicity in the matched young offender cohort by total sentence/cautioned and those sentenced to custody (12 months or less and more than 12 months). While the statistics recorded the instances of . From 2016 to 2019, the guilty plea rate remained relatively stable at between 88% and 89%. Over the last 5 years, the proportion of suspects who were stopped and searched remained relatively stable across most ethnic groups, with a slight decrease in those from the Black ethnic group (21% to 17%). Across all minority ethnic groups, the most common reason for arrest was violence against the person, followed by drug offences. , Statistical significance between groups over the time series is represented with a *, This section reports on three years of combined data, 2017/18 to 2019/20. As outlined in the defendants chapter, drug offences accounted for the highest proportion of convictions within each ethnic group except for White offenders. Similar proportions were seen across ethnic groups, ranging from 72% for Black defendants to 78% for White defendants. Documents fulfilling this requirement have been published since 1992, in the form of statistical reports. This section focusses on disaggregating the outcomes that are a result of a professional judgement (i.e. Her Majestys Inspectorate of Prisons for England & Wales (HMI Prisons) aims to ensure independent inspection of places of detention, report on conditions and treatment, and promote positive outcomes for those detained and the public. ACSL for possession of weapons offences decreased between 2016 and 2020 for all ethnic groups except Mixed, decreasing the largest for Asian and Black offenders. This overall increase in guilty plea rates of defendants dealt with in the latest year is due to restrictions courts faced on progressing jury trials (not-guilty pleas) as a result of the response to COVID-19. This was largely consistent across all disposal types and all three measures of attainment; however, caution should be taken when breaking down proportion achieving 5 or more GCSEs A*-C by disposal type due to the small population[footnote 72]. When offence mix was controlled for, a decrease in ACSL was seen for all ethnic groups, closer to that of the White ethnic group. , This figure includes 96 victims of Hillsborough and four victims of the Westminster Bridge attack in the year ending 2017, and 31 victims of the terrorist attacks that involved multiple victims, including the Manchester Arena bombing, and the London Bridge attack recorded in the year ending 2018. , Detailed results of the survey can be found in table 6.06 in the tables document published alongside this report. The ACSL for sexual offences varied by ethnic group. These decreases are mainly due to court restrictions as a result of COVID-19^59]. The latest data available during the compilation of this report have been included. , The Rehabilitation Activity Requirement was introduced in 2014 under the Offender Rehabilitation Act and requires the offender to attend appointments and participate in activities selected by their responsible officer to support their rehabilitation and reduce reoffending. Of the offenders sentenced, 53% were sentenced to immediate custody. The greatest disparity appears at the point of stop and search, custodial remands and prison population. This includes putting more information in the public domain with ethnicity breakdowns, the use of the Relative Rate Indexes[footnote 6] where appropriate and a focus on outcomes for children distinct form the adult population. To meet these commitments, all of our statistical publications will: Ensure that the need for major revisions for any series are pre-announced on the Ministry of Justice website. , Data are self-declared from Home Office, as at March 2021, some small discrepancies may result from revisions of data for previous years compared to figures here. The proportion of male homicides was highest in the Black ethnic group (89%), followed by the Other ethnic group (77%), and the Asian ethnic group (68%). Figure 5.05: Percentages of sentencing outcomes for all ethnicities, 2020, England and Wales. The ACSL was longest for Chinese or Other offenders at 14.7 months, followed by Black at 13.7 months, Mixed 13.2 months, Asian 12.1 months and White 10.6 months. These research outputs are not official statistics on the population. Crime lower work is carried out by legal aid providers at police stations, in magistrates courts and prison. In contrast, across all years (except 2017), Black prisoners have consistently served a higher proportion of their determinate sentence, at 67% in 2020. Similarly, prisoners of Mixed ethnic groups made up 12% of all prisoners under 18, yet only accounting for 5% of the entire prison population. In acknowledgement of the subjective, multifaceted and changing nature of ethnic identification, we use self-identified ethnicity where this data is available[footnote 5]. SW1H 9AJ. Guilty plea rate (GPR) has increased across all ethnic groups across the past 5 years, showing a sharp rise since 2018. Our Business & Enterprise Products. The Crime and Safety Surveys in Australia and Crime Victimisation Surveys conducted overseas consistently show that a . For indictable offences, ethnic minority groups accounted for a higher proportion of male prosecutions and convictions compared to females. Include a detailed revisions policy within every release. Feasibility research on producing statistics on the population by ethnic group for England for 2016 to 2020 from administrative data, exploring change over time. It is important to note when looking at more detailed offences that the Chinese or Other ethnic group accounted for only 2% of all prosecutions and convictions in 2020, therefore small changes in offending can lead to artificially high apparent increases/decreases in associated rates and percentages. Racism and ethnicity are one of the social evils that pose a big danger to the society. People from a Black, Asian, 'Mixed' or 'Chinese and other' background were over-represented as defendants in the criminal justice system in 2019, according to Ministry of Justice (MoJ) data. ACSL for possession of weapons offences decreased, between 2016 and 2020, for all ethnic groups except Mixed, decreasing the largest for Asian and Black offenders. The data for this section is available in the Arrests open data tables published by Home Office. If we become concerned about whether these statistics are still meeting the appropriate standards, we will discuss any concerns with the Authority promptly. 3 The rape figures in this table are aggregate totals of the data submitted based on both the legacy and revised Uniform Crime Reporting . The trend is the reverse for pre-charge advice at police stations, where 82% of Asian defendants received pre-charge advice compared to 74% of White defendants. Almost half (49%) of homicide victims aged 15-17 and 37% of those aged 18-20 were from the Black ethnic group. Asian and mixed‐race people are also over‐represented in the prison population; yet white people who represent 88.3% of the population only make up 73.8% of the prison population. A higher proportion of White offenders had a long history of offending, 35% of White offenders had 15 or more previous convictions or cautions, compared to Black offenders at 26%, Asian offenders at 16% and Chinese or Other at 9%, for adults [footnote 67]. We are trialling the publication of this statistical bulletin in HTML format alongside the usual PDF version and we are seeking user feedback on the use of HTML for the publication of statistical bulletins. , Data from 2019/20 for the Asian (or Asian British) ethnic group includes people who identify as Chinese. In 2020, Black males accounted for 12% of all male prosecutions and 11% of all male convictions, compared to Black females, accounting for 7% of all female prosecutions and 7% of all female convictions. As such, analysis which relies on the 2011 Census data has not been included. Five-year trends have been presented wherever possible. , Pre-sentence reports (PSRs) are prepared by the Probation Service to provide information to the court about the offender and any circumstances surrounding the offence, to help decide on a suitable sentence. ACSL was consistently lower for White defendants from 2016 to 2020, at 19.6 months in 2020, compared to 28.6 for Asian defendants (46% longer), 26.8 for Black defendants (37% longer), and 24.4 for both defendants of Mixed and Chinese or Other ethnicity groups (25% longer). Data on prosecutions and convictions by ethnicity is collected by the Home Office and published by the Ministry of Justice. The proportion of total arrests for which theft offences account has been decreasing over this period (20 to 13%) with a corresponding increase in the proportion accounted for by drug offences (9 to 12%). Controlling for offence mix between ethnic groups also impacted on custody rates. The latest police recorded crime figures show that there were 47,119 offences involving a knife or sharp instrument recorded by the police in the year ending September 2020. ethnicity and crime statistics uk 2020ashtoreth worship practices. Black and Other ethnicity suspects had the highest proportion of stop and searches where nothing was found (both 76%), followed by Asian suspects (74%). In the 2011 Census the proportion in each ethnic group was as follows: 87% White, 3% Black, 6% Asian, 2% Mixed and 2% Chinese or Other. Those where ethnicity was not known/recorded are not included in this commentary. A technical document titled A Guide to Statistics on Ethnicity and the Criminal Justice System is available alongside this report, which provides users with information on the concepts and terminology used within the report, as well as information about data sources, data quality and references. The ACSL has been consistently lower for White male offenders than all ethnic minority groups, a disparity that has increased over the last 5 years for male offenders. To allow users to assess the confidence they have in the data we are using, levels of missing or unreported ethnicity are reported throughout. in the year ending March 2020, 13% of people aged 16 and over said they had been the victim of a crime at least once in the last year. Between 2017/18 and 2019/20, almost half (49%) of homicide victims aged 15 to 17 and 37% of victims aged 18 to 20 were from the Black ethnic group. This is the largest decrease in the proportion of White practitioners of all the CJS organisations. Since 2015/16, there has been a statistically significant decrease in children reporting experience as a victim of a personal crime (down 49%). Ethnicity is recorded by either self-reporting or as identified by a police officer[footnote 2]. Figure 7.10: Proportion of young offenders who finished Key Stage 4 in either 2013/14 or 2014/15 with Special Educational Needs, by ethnicity, in England (Source: Table 7.3 and Table CH2c)[footnote 77]. Drug offences accounted for 21% of all prosecutions and 22% of all convictions for all indictable offences in 2020. the officer found what they were searching for[footnote 30]. The following analysis cannot be used to make conclusions about the overall pupil population that have the characteristics described as the matched dataset is of offenders only[footnote 71]. Where we have identified any third party copyright information you will need to obtain permission from the copyright holders concerned. The defendant can be directed to appear in court or remanded on bail or in custody. Tue 30 Jun 2020 19.01 EDT Last modified on Wed 1 Jul 2020 12.15 EDT. Since 2015/16, the percentage of adults who were victims of a personal crime once or more, excluding fraud and computer misuse, remained stable at 4%. Principal suspects in homicides with White victims were most likely to be a friend/acquaintance (29%). In contrast, despite White prisoners making up 73% of the entire prison population, only 47% of prisoners aged under 18 were White. We have crudely attempted to control for different offence mixes across ethnic groups by applying a similar pattern of offences being sentenced across all ethnic groups, fixing this to the White group. This publication is available at https://www.gov.uk/government/statistics/ethnicity-and-the-criminal-justice-system-statistics-2020/ethnicity-and-the-criminal-justice-system-2020. ACSL decreased the most for Asian offenders (decreasing 41%) and Black offenders (decreasing 23%) over the last 5 years. Broadly, all ethnic groups had similar overall sentencing outcomes. Within this update we committed to better addressing inequalities in victimisation and highlighting those groups in society that are at most risk of experiencing crime. The reoffending rate was highest for children across all ethnic groups compared to adults. The largest proportionate change was seen in prosecutions of White defendants, decreasing from 79% of all prosecutions to 76% (resulting in a 1% proportionate increase across all ethnic minority groups). This highlights that controlling for offence mix reduces the disparity between ethnic groups. Where ethnicity is known[footnote 23], the total number of stop and searches increased between 2017/18 (266,000) and 2020/21 (557,000). Controlling for offence mix across ethnic groups showed reduced disparity in Average Custodial Sentence Lengths and Custody Rates. black people were over 3 times as likely to be arrested as white people - there were 29 arrests for every 1,000 black people, and 9 arrests for every 1,000 white people. The overall custody rate for drug offences has increased from 21% in 2016 to 25% in 2020. In the latest year, suspicion of drugs and offensive weapons were the two most common reasons for stops across all ethnic groups. It covers statistics on stop and searches and arrests, which are published by the Home Office in the Police powers and procedures: Stop and search and arrests, England and Wales, year ending 31 March 2021[footnote 20]. , See Appendix I for further details of how detailed ethnicity categorisations are aggregated. The ACSL for Asian children was 20.6 months, 18.2 months for Black children and 18 months for Chinese or Other children. When defendants appear in court, they have the right to either speak for themselves, or to be represented and to have someone with legal expertise speak on their behalf. , Offence groups from this chapter are not directly comparable to offence groups from the MoJ Court Proceedings database see technical guide for further details, Ethnicity coverage is more complete for triable either way and indictable only offences. 53% of prosecutions for this offence were for White defendants, 25% Black, 13% Asian, 6% Mixed and 2% Chinese or Other ethnic groups. Eight out of 10 black Britons and eight out of 10 Bangladeshi Britons fear "police are biased against people from my background and ethnic group", with 65% of all ethnic minorities agreeing. You have a 1 in 60.4 chance of being the victim of a violent crime in Cleveland each year. The average number of assailants was 1.29 and did not vary significantly by the victims' race or ethnicity. This section focuses on the following high-volume indictable drug offences: Ministry of Justice: Between 2016 and 2020, there has been an increase of 1.3 percentage points (pp) in the proportion of staff from the Asian ethnic group and a decrease of 1.6 pp in the proportion of staff from the White ethnic group[footnote 91]. See table 6.02 for all proportions of determinate sentences served. High levels of missing ethnicity data would be of concern, both in terms of sample sizes and the risk of systematic bias. This publication compiles statistics from data sources across the Criminal Justice System (CJS), to provide a combined perspective on the typical experiences of different ethnic groups. The identification of differences should not be taken as evidence of bias or as direct effects of ethnicity. The areas of focus include: Victimisation; Police Activity; Defendants and Court Outcomes; Offender Management; Offender Characteristics; Offence Analysis; and Practitioners. 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